Macrophage activity and histopathology of the lymphohematopoietic organs in male Wistar rats orally exposed to single or mixed pesticides

The noxious effects of low or effective dose exposure to single or mixed pesticides on macrophage activity and the lymphohematopoietic organs were investigated. Male Wistar rats were orally exposed to dichlorvos, dicofol, endosulfan, dieldrin and permethrin, either as single or combined mixtures during a 28-day study containing eight groups: one group received a semipurified diet (non-treated); two groups received a semipurified diet containing low dose mixture (dieldrin 0.025 mg/kg, endosulfan, 0.6 mg/kg, dicofol 0.22 mg/kg, dichlorvos 0.23 mg/kg, permethrin 5 mg/kg) or an effective dose mixture (dichlorvos 2.3 mg/kg, dicofol 2.5 mg/kg, endosulfan 2.9 mg/kg, dieldrin 0.05 mg/kg and permethrin 25.0 mg/kg), respectively; the other five groups received a semipurified diet containing each single pesticide in effective doses. At sacrifice, the thymus, spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, Payer's patches and bone marrow were removed for histological analysis. Peritoneal macrophages were obtained to determine the phagocytosis and spreading indexes and tumoral necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), nitric oxide (NO) and H₂O₂ production. Exposure to pesticide mixtures did not alter the percentage of macrophage phagocytosis and spreading, TNF-α production or the NO and H₂O₂ release when compared to the non-treated group. Neither was there any apparent evidence that a pesticide mixture at low or effective doses altered the histological structure of the lymphohematopoietic organs. The findings indicate that short-term treatment with pesticide mixtures did not induce an apparent immunotoxic effect in male Wistar rats.     

实验性糖尿病新西兰兔主要器官组织的病理学观察

将雄性新西兰兔随机分为:基础饲料组(即对照组:n=15)和高糖高脂饲料组(即实验组:n=15,喂食10％猪油,37％白蔗糖混合53％的基础饲料).共观察12周.于12周实验结束时,全部处死动物,取动物心脏、肝脏、胰腺、肾脏,用1O％福尔马林液固定,常规石蜡包埋切片,H、E染色,光学显微镜下观察并照相.结果表明:动物心肌细胞肥大,并出现灶性坏死,淋巴细胞浸润,心肌细胞间成纤维细胞增生和毛细血管增生,胶原纤维增加;肝细胞有明显脂肪变性,细胞肿胀;肾脏表现有肾小球球囊增大,细胞增多,毛细血管壁增厚,肾小管上皮细胞胞体增大;胰腺组织表现为胰岛分布稀疏,数量减少,胰岛萎缩,胰岛细胞数量减少,成纤维细胞增生.     

广西龙江鱼类镉含量分布特征及生物积累特性分析

突发镉污染事件能引起江河水体恶化,破坏水生态环境和威胁人类健康.本研究为证实突发镉污染事件引起生态环境风险,以不同类型鱼类以及鱼类不同组织器官为研究对象,分别前后6次对龙江进行采样调查,并对各鱼类根据水层和食性进行分类及分析.调查结果表明,前3次调查鱼类肌肉镉含量显著高于后3次调查鱼类肌肉镉含量;草食性,肉食性和杂食性鱼类不同组织器官镉的含量大小均可排序为:肾肝肠鳃卵鳞≈肌肉,且3种类型肾的镉含量均显著高于其他任何组织器官(P0.05);鱼类同一组织器官镉的含量根据不同水层鱼类依次为:底层鱼类中下层鱼类中上层鱼类.不同食性鱼类肌肉中镉平均富集系数BAF从大到小依次为杂食性,肉食性和草食性,分别为8.32、6.33和5.15;不同生活水层鱼类肌肉中镉平均富集系数大小排序为:底层鱼类(8.18)中下层鱼类(7.70)中上层鱼类(4.99).     

五种重金属在小麦植株不同器官中的分布特征

为研究Cd、Pb、As、Cu、Zn等5种重金属在小麦植株不同器官的分布特征，以郑州9023为供试品种，采用田间试验方法，应用原子吸收分光光度法和电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICPS)分别测定了小麦植株不同器官的重金属质量分数并进行了分析。结果表明，小麦植株中较易富集Cd的器官是根、叶及废弃物，较易富集Pd、As的器官是根、茎及废弃物，较易富集Zn、Cu的器官是根、茎和籽粒；在这5种重金属中，Zn在小麦茎和籽粒中的富集系数最高，Cd在地上部分其他器官的富集系数最高，而Pb在这些器官中富集系数均为最低，Cu和As则居中。     

微囊藻毒素在太湖白鲢体内的累积规律及其影响因素

太湖蓝藻水华及其次级代谢产物微囊藻毒素(MCs)的生物累积对生态系统和人体健康造成严重威胁,已成为最近环境科学研究的热点。本研究从太湖的不同区域(梅梁湖、西部沿岸区、南部沿岸区和湖心区)采集不同体重和体长的白鲢,利用固相萃取方法提取、高效液相色谱-质谱联用仪测定了白鲢不同器官中MCs的3种异构体MC-RR、MC-YR及MC-LR的含量,结合不同湖区的相关水质指标分析了MCs在白鲢体内的累积规律及其影响因素。研究结果表明:白鲢不同器官MCs的含量由高到低为:肠壁肾脏肝脏肌肉心脏,且肠壁累积的MCs显著高于肾脏、肝脏、肌肉和心脏。MC-RR含量是白鲢各器官累积MCs的异构体的主体,约占MCs的60%。梅梁湖鲢鱼的肌肉、肾脏和心脏中MCs均高于西部沿岸区、南部沿岸区和湖心区。生物指标(体重和体长)是影响白鲢肾脏内MCs和MC-RR含量以及肠壁内MCs含量重要因素。太湖水质指标总磷(TP)、藻细胞数量、湖泊营养指数及环节动物数量尤其是TP对白鲢肝脏累积MCs产生明显影响,TP、总氮(TN)、铵态氮(NH4-N)、内梅罗指数和环节动物数量尤其是NH4-N对肠壁累积MCs产生明显影响。     

苯并(a)芘在四种食用淡水鱼中的含量和分布

利用GC-MS测定了购自北京市场的4种食用淡水鱼(鲫鱼、胖头鱼、鲤鱼、草鱼)的5种组织器官(脑、肝、泡、卵和肌肉)中BaP的含量,分析了BaP在4种食用淡水鱼中的分布特征及其对人体的健康风险.结果表明,鱼体BaP湿重含量范围为0～0.057ng·g-1,BaP脂标化含量范围为0.02～21·22 ng˙g-1·BaP在不同组织器官和不同鱼种中的湿重含量差别不显著;而不同鱼种和组织器官中BaP脂标化含量则有一定的差异性.4种鱼中,胖头鱼BaP脂标化含量水平最高,鲫鱼次之,草鱼和鲤鱼较低;各组织器官中,肝脏的BaP脂标化含量相对最高,肉、泡、籽次之,脑中BaP脂标化含量相对最低.鱼体中BaP湿重含量均低于USEPA规定的可食用生物组织器官中BaP含量的上限值(0.67 ng·g-1,wetweight),对人体的致癌风险远小于10-5.     

Effect of noise exposure (85 dB ) on testicular adrenocortical steroidogenic key enzymes, acid and alkaline phosphatase activities of sex organs in mature albino rats

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Differential use of stored sperm during oviposition in the damselfly Calopteryx splendens xanthostoma (Charpentier)

Female Calopteryx splendens xanthostoma (Charpentier) (Odonata), have two discrete sperm storage organs, the bursa copulatrix and the paired spermathecae. We used the Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA(RAPD) profiling technique to determine from which sperm storage organ spermatozoa were used to fertilise eggs during behaviourally distinct oviposition bouts. During oviposition bouts following remating sperm from the bursa copulatrix are largely used to fertilise eggs, but when females avoid remating before an oviposition bout the sperm used to fertilise eggs are derived mainly from the paired spermathecae. Our observations suggest that female C. s. xanthostoma can avoid male paternity assurance mechanisms by a combination of behavioural and anatomical adaptation: the reason(s) they do so is unclear. Received: 28 November 1995/Accepted after revision: 5 August 1996     

豪猪消化系统的解剖研究

为了了解豪猪的消化生理,为豪猪的人工饲养技术研究提供基础依据,以达到高效饲养豪猪的目的,笔者对豪猪的消化器官进行了系统解剖研究.结果表明:豪猪的胃为单室胃.盲肠很发达,这与其能够消化植物纤维有关.豪猪肝脏很发达,其重量为402 g,是其体重的4.59%,肝脏分叶多而明显.